Narcolepsy Essays (925 words) - Sleep Disorders, Dream, Neuroscience

Narcolepsy An article in the Scientific American, by Jerome M. Siegel, focused on a dangerous sleeping disorder called Narcolepsy. A Narcoleptic has Symptoms such as cataplexy, which is the loss of skeletal muscle tone, and always feeling sleepy during daytime hours. The people suffering from this disorder tend to feel as if they hadn't gone to sleep for 48 hours. In addition, they sleep poorly at night. Laughter, embarrassment, sudden anger, social interactions with strangers, and sexual intercourse may trigger a cataplectic attack. A Narcoleptic may even fall asleep at the most dangerous times. For example, driving a car with this untreated disorder puts a person at high risk of an automobile accident. The disorder makes it difficult for them to focus on specific things, such as schoolwork or work in the workplace. Sleep paralysis and hypnagognic hallucinations are among two other symptoms of narcolepsy. Sleep paralysis is an ability to move when you fall asleep or awaken. This occurs daily. On the other hand, hypnagogic hallucinations are dreamlike experiences during waking that sometimes incorporate elements of the environment. These symptoms occur when narcoleptics are most sleepy. In addition, not every person suffers from the symptoms the same way. Also, this article pointed out that Narcolepsy affects between one and one thousand and one and two thousand people in the U.S. In contrast, one in 600 in Japan to one in 500,000 in Israel. It also stated that the environment and ethnic backgrounds are the reason for the number differences of these countries. The first signs of Narcolepsy appear in the teens or 20's. The symptoms do get worse after a few years and then they plateau. The causes or Narcolepsy is linked to a disruption of the sleep control mechanism in our brain. Our sleep cycle normally has two stages, Rapid-Eye movement Sleep (REM), and Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM). When were experiencing NREM sleep, our muscles are relaxed, breathing is normal, the cerebral cortex generates high-voltage waves and the energy consumed by the brain is minimized. In contrast, in REM sleep, breathing and heart rate are irregular, rapid eye movements occur; the cortex generates fast, irregular, low voltage waves. Non-Narcoleptics tend to begin to sleep with NREM sleep. After 90 minutes or so, they're in REM sleep. When this happens, they experience loss of muscle tone and dreamlike hallucinations that usually occur during REM sleep. Researchers stated that being sleepy is normal, but its the large amount of sleep in Narcoleptics thats very abnormal. In the early 1970's, advanced research in Narcolepsy began. Researchers discovered that some dogs showed that they had very similar symptoms to human narcoleptics. William C. Demit of Stanford University stated that the disease in the dogs was inherited by both the mother and father to their offspring. In the 1940's, Horace W. Magnoun of Northwestern University discovered when he electrically stimulated the medulla (part of the brain stem) the muscle tone disappeared. He didn't connect his studies to sleep. The studies in animals show us that the main function of the muscle-tone control system in the medulla suppresses muscle activity in REM sleep. In addition, it regulates the level of muscle tone in waking. This part doesnt work when the animals are moving. This explains the notion of when we try to relax or turn off our muscles; we are actually trying to turn on this specific section of the brain. REM sleep is the only time when normal individuals lose all muscle tone. Another study by Frank Wu indicated that there was another group of nerve cells in the brainstem called the Locus Coeruleus. The locus coeruleus also plays a role in REM sleep and narcolepsy. It releases a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine, which communicates with another neurons. Both these nerve cells are active in animals in waking, but inactive when theyre in REM sleep. In REM sleep the reduced amount of motor neurons prevents them from moving or responding to their dreams. In cataplexy, the same reduction prevents the motor neurons from responding to a narcoleptics attempt to move. Researchers also concluded that unknown agents in the environment may cause an autoimmune reaction that ends up damaging neurons in the brain that control arousal and muscle tone. After narcoleptic symptoms occur, the patients

Cold War Essay Topics

Cold War Essay TopicsCold War essay topics are probably one of the most complex topics to write on. There are millions of books and articles that deal with this topic and there are people that try to research for the solution to make it easier to write a cold war essay topic. So you may ask, why would one want to study the Cold War? The main reason is because you want to be respected by those who lived through the period in their lives.As mentioned before, the Cold War is considered to be one of the longest wars in human history. There were three separate conflicts throughout the period from the time the Soviet Union joined the council of nations to the time the United States of America declared their independence. And each and every conflict were fought against their own national government in an attempt to achieve domination over their enemy.So there are so many different topics to look at when writing your own. One of the best categories to look at is where the nations originated. How did the Cold War start and why is it still being fought in each and every country?Look at where these areas are located: Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Central Asia, Northern Africa, South Asia, or even the Middle East. Wherever you live is a good place to start looking because you will not have to travel as far as going from one area to another in order to get an idea of the events surrounding the Cold War. So even if you do not live in a part of the world that has experienced the Cold War, you can still find Cold War essay topics that can be used as background to your own information.One of the most common methods that are used to explain the origins of the Cold War is the Warsaw Pact. This group of nations was formed in 1955 to be the first signatory to the Moscow Treaty. The purpose of the Warsaw Pact was to work together to prevent a potential invasion of their territory by the West.After the Cold War was officially ended, the Warsaw Pact took several years to decide what to do about the alliance. They finally decided to abandon the pact due to the fact that they believed that they would be able to defeat the west even without it. In addition, they decided that the Soviet Union was becoming too powerful and they wanted to merge together with the other nations so they could remain strong and powerful.Another paper topic that you can use is the Cuban Missile Crisis. Cuba used as missiles to take out one of the warships and the United States of America had enough and considered taking down the second ship. This incident started the entire Cold War.Finally, one of the best places to look when writing a Cold War essay topic is the current situation. It does not matter how old the Cold War is or how the world feels about the war, you should look at the current situation and how this was caused. This is because many times the current situation is the cause of the Cold War and the reasons behind it.

Free Essays on Team Building

, they become a part of the big picture instead of being off in their own area focusing on their immediate tasks. Management plays an important role in team building for they become more of a consultant than a pure trainer which has them more involved with the employees. No group of people will become a team without the commitment and support of executives and managers. The result is greater satisfaction for the employees and improved performance for the company. (DeVany, 1999) There can be many issues with team building if the supervisor doesn't know what their personal team players styles are. It will be very difficult to form an effective team without the knowledge of their style to enrich their performance. It will also be important for the supervisor to know the styles of their employees. This will assist the supervisor with knowing the individuals strengths and weaknesses.(SBA, 2001)The supervisor needs to ensure that they know and understand their employees commitment to the group and also their personal capabilities. This will assist the supervisors with ensuring that they are creating team building excercises that the entire group can do. All groups or teams go through very predictable phases. Knowing and understanding these phases give supervisors the confidence to continue with their team building even when one of the phases show that the employees motivation is declining. With the understanding of other employees motivation, every individual wit hin the team has the opportunity to add to the synergy of the team.(Adams, 2003) Companies today are using a variety of different... Free Essays on Team Building Free Essays on Team Building Team Building has been recongized by many companies as an important factor in assuring quality service and remaining competitive. It is the process of enabling people to reach their goal and for improving employee motivation.(Grazier, 1999) Through team building individual employees gain a sense that they are contributing to the company. In other words, they become a part of the big picture instead of being off in their own area focusing on their immediate tasks. Management plays an important role in team building for they become more of a consultant than a pure trainer which has them more involved with the employees. No group of people will become a team without the commitment and support of executives and managers. The result is greater satisfaction for the employees and improved performance for the company. (DeVany, 1999) There can be many issues with team building if the supervisor doesn't know what their personal team players styles are. It will be very difficult to form an effective team without the knowledge of their style to enrich their performance. It will also be important for the supervisor to know the styles of their employees. This will assist the supervisor with knowing the individuals strengths and weaknesses.(SBA, 2001)The supervisor needs to ensure that they know and understand their employees commitment to the group and also their personal capabilities. This will assist the supervisors with ensuring that they are creating team building excercises that the entire group can do. All groups or teams go through very predictable phases. Knowing and understanding these phases give supervisors the confidence to continue with their team building even when one of the phases show that the employees motivation is declining. With the understanding of other employees motivation, every individual wit hin the team has the opportunity to add to the synergy of the team.(Adams, 2003) Companies today are using a variety of different...

Porfessional future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Porfessional future - Essay Example Brand management has always been important but I sincerely believe that globalisation has both expanded and intensified its importance. While my professional ambitions are centered on brand management, the truth is that wanting a particular career does not mean that one will be successful at that career. Professional success is only partially dependant upon interest and ambitions in and within a particular field and more so on understanding one's abilities, potentials, strengths, weaknesses and limitation and, importantly, selecting a career/profession which is correlated to the aforementioned. In other words, my later professional success is somewhat dependant upon my selecting a career in which my weaknesses and limitations will not function as an obstacle to success and where my strengths will be highlighted and my potential realized. Doing so is ultimately dependant on engagement in deep self-reflection, aiming towards the generation of a greater and more expanded self-awareness. This is precisely what this exercise aims to achieve by responding to a series of five questions, all of which contribute to the realization of the aforementioned. The first question I need to respond to is "where have I been" This question requires that I look back on my past to understand who I am and where I came from, thereby arriving at an understanding of the source of my current abilities, values, interests and beliefs. Starting from the beginning, I was brought up in Paraguay and Korea and, accordingly, am multilingual. While I am now studying marketing communications, I had completed two years of university in Paraguay where I studied English literature. As I reflect upon the stated, I find that they contain part of the answers to the questions earlier posed. Starting with the notion of values and beliefs, I find that while I have very strong beliefs and firm values, I always limit judgments to myself. I do not believe that I, or anyone else for that matter, has the right to judge another person or censure him/her for their beliefs or values. My reasoning is quite straightforward and simple. In brief, each person is a product of his/h er environment and the decisions he/she makes or the actions he/she takes are ultimately dependant on their environment and the circumstances which determined the decision or action in question. Therefore, from my perspective, rather than pass judgment, it is imperative that we make the effort to understand the rationale behind the decision which was made or the action that was taken. Upon critical reflection, I find that the aforementioned attitude is an outcome of my multicultural upbringing and my study of literature. Through exposure to different cultures, I learnt that values and beliefs were ultimately a product of culture and to pass judgment on them is to judge a culture, something which very few people, if any, are equipped to do. Added to that, through exposure to the thought processes and experiences of numerous characters through my reading of English literature, I learnt that the reasons why people undertook certain actions or made decisions were complicated and complex . The implication here is that rather than pass judgment, we need to understand where the other person is coming from and try to meet him/her on their terms in order to

Team working Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team working - Essay Example The significance of team work may be explained using the following photograph. The photograph also explains the how efficient service user delivery works, and why it is essential in the success of an organization. Picture illustrating the significance of teamwork (http://www.mkhalid.com/category/project-management-team-work/) The above photographs shows men repairing a broken railway line in a team. I have chosen the picture because the broken railway line connects two geographical regions just like consumers and organizations are connected by services and products. The three men on the right side come from the rightward geographic region while those on the left also reside in the region where they are working. I believe that the two groups represent nurses and patients in the real world. The railway line that connects the two regions is similar to services and communication that takes place between nurses and patients (Naumann, & Ehrhart, 2011). The picture, therefore, indicates tha t teams should compose of workers from different levels such as nurses and doctors, and because of efficient user service delivery, they should also include consumers (Parker, 2010). This is because consumers are the ultimate users of goods, and they determine the success of the activities in an organization (Hiebart, & Clart, 2011). This means that user involvement should begin at the lowest level of a firm in order for it to achieve its objective. The photograph above indicates that teamwork should take place with an objective of increasing efficiency. The men from the right and left in the above picture have come together to repair the broken railway line. This means that the participants of the project would not be together were it not for the purpose of repairing the transport network. The objective of teamwork should also be positive and beneficial to a large number of users (Belbin, 2010). In the photograph above, the aim of the team is to enhance transport of people and reso urces between the two geographic regions. One region in the picture practices agriculture while the other does not, and this means that the railways line helps to deliver food products in the non-agricultural region. I suppose that teamwork in nursing should aim at providing consumers with critical health services that cannot be found anywhere else in the market. Members of teams cooperate and develop efficient techniques of delivering their services (Jasper, 2011). The repairing the railway indicates that service user involvement should have an aim for it to succeed. The lack of efficient communication in a team may lead to conflicts among group members. This indicates that there is need for effective communication skills among team members to avoid distortion of messages. However, in the case of the occurrence of conflicts among members of a group, the team leader should be responsible for ensuring that the misunderstanding ends. A team leader who possesses problem solving skills resolves the conflicts using his skills. This saves time that would be wasted by members on the problem, and it ensures that the team works towards achieving its goals. In the photograph above, there seems to be no team leader, and the members are standing because there is a conflict. The team should have employed a leader who would

Bad Grammar On the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bad Grammar On the Web - Essay Example This sign makes the mistake of replacing â€Å"Lose† with â€Å"Loose.† There is a major difference between the two of these words. My edited version would be: â€Å"Lock Your Car or Lose it.† Coming from the Nottingham City Council, this obvious mistake should have been corrected. It is likely that most people won’t be fooled by it though because it is only a small mistake and they can figure out what it is trying to say. The problem with this sign is that the canine regulations are written from the point of view of the dog rather than the owner. The most obvious mistake is â€Å"Must Pick Up Defecation By Owners,† which implies that dogs must pick up the excretion of their owners. My edited version would be â€Å"Dogs must be on leashes at all times. All dogs must be licensed. Owners must pick up defecation of their dogs.† Since this sign is only in a park, it is not going to make to much difference, but it could cause some confusion for people who read it

Lord Alfred Tennyson as a Victorian Essay -- essays research papers

Tennyson as a Victorian The Victorian age was an age where many changes occurred socially, economically, and industrially. People began to explore into areas such as the earth, the human body, and how to benefit the daily lives of individuals. English literature was also something that was beginning to be developed. People's thoughts and ideas also changed with the development of the country. The peoples' ideas became more free and they accepted change more easily, yet not everybody wanted to admit to change. People began to ask more questions about life, which prompted the development of science and many people began to question the bible. The change caused a great deal of confusion and alarm, which prompted English writers to accept responsibility and write about new thoughts, beliefs, and feelings. Alfred Tennyson, who is a very famous poet, is often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson was a man who had seen pain and sorrow in his life. After the death of his best friend, Arthur Hallam, Tennyson found relief from his pain in writing. Many of his writings were indeed about his dead friend. For example in "The Passing of Arthur, the hero has the same name as Tennyson's friend and also many lyrical poems, that later were to become In Memorian A.H.H. These writing were full of emotions, pain, fear, caring, and the desire to remember his friend. Almost throughout all ...